Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: The PASTURE Study - 12/09/11

Doi : 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019

Petra Ina Pfefferle, PhD, DrPH ^a,^{^{These authors contributed equally to this work.}}, Gisela Büchele, MPH ^b,^{^{These authors contributed equally to this work.}}, Nicole Blümer, PhD ^a, Marjut Roponen, PhD ^d, Markus Johannes Ege, MD, MPH ⁱ, Susanne Krauss-Etschmann, MD ^i,^j, Jon Genuneit ^b, Anne Hyvärinen, PhD ^d, Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, PhD ^d, Roger Lauener, MD ^c, Juha Pekkanen, MD ^d,^e, Josef Riedler, MD ^f, Jean Charles Dalphin, MD, PhD ^g, Bert Brunekeef, PhD ^k, Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, MD ^h, Erika von Mutius, MD, MSc ^i,^{^{These authors contributed equally to this work.}}, Harald Renz, MD ^a,^{^{These authors contributed equally to this work.},}^⁎
PASTURE Study Group^{^‡}
The PASTURE Study Group: Gertraud Weiß, Ellen Üblagger, Claudia Humer, Manuela Rußegger (Austria); Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, Raija Juntunen, Reetta Tiihonen, Pekka Tiittanen, Timo Kauppila, Aino Nevalainen, Sami Remes (Finland); Dominique A. Vuitton, Marie-Laure Dalphin, Renaud Piarroux, Gabriel Reboux, Sandrine Roussel, Bertrand Sudre (France); Bianca Schaub, Susanne Schmid, Sabina Illi, Nicola Korherr, Dorothee Quast, Markus Zimmermann (Germany); Sondhja Bitter, Felix H. Sennhauser, Susanne Loeliger, Johanna Steinle, Remo Frei (Switzerland).
^a Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
^b Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
^c Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
^d Department of Environmental Heath, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
^e University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
^f Children’s Hospital Schwarzach, Austria
^g Research Unit, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
^h Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
ⁱ University Children’s Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
^j Helmholtz-Zentrum München–National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
^k Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Reprint requests: Harald Renz, MD, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstraße 1, 35033 Marburg, Germany.

Abstract

Background

Traditional farming represents a unique model situation to investigate the relationship of early-life farm-related exposure and allergy protection.

Objectives

To investigate associations between maternal farm exposures and cytokine production in cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells in a prospective multinational birth cohort of 299 farm and 326 nonfarm children and their families.

Methods

Supernatants from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin–stimulated CB mononuclear cells were assessed for the production of IFN-γ, TNF-⍺, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12.

Results

Significantly higher levels of IFN-γ and TNF-⍺ in farm compared with nonfarm children were found, whereas IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12 levels did not differ between study groups. Maternal contact with different farm animal species and barns and consumption of farm-produced butter during pregnancy enhanced the production of proinflammatory CB cytokines, whereas maternal consumption of farm-produced yogurt resulted in significant lower levels of IFN-γ and TNF-⍺ in umbilical blood.

Conclusion

Maternal exposure to farming activities and farm dairy products during pregnancy modulated cytokine production patterns of offspring at birth.

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Key words : Hygiene hypothesis, allergy protection farm, effect, cord blood cytokine pattern

Abbreviations used : CB, EPS, GMR, PARSIFAL, PASTURE, PMA

Plan

Methods

Study design and population

Questionnaire

Assessment of cytokine production

Measurements in dust samples

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Supported by the European Union (research grant QLK4-CT-2001-00250).

Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: M. J. Ege received research support from grant EU FOOD-CT-2004-506378 and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. S. Krauss-Etschmann has served as an expert witness on the evaluation of health claims on probiotic products for European Food Safety Authorities. R. Lauener has received research support from the European Union and the Kuhne Foundation. J. Pekkanen has received research support from the European Union 7th Framework Programme, Finnish foundations, and the Academy of Finland. E. von Mutius has served as a consultant for GlaxoSmithKline, Union Chemique Belge (UCB), and ProtectImmun; has received research support from Airsonett; and is on the editorial board for the New England Journal of Medicine. The rest of the authors have declared that they have no conflict of interest.

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Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: The PASTURE Study - 12/09/11

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Results

Conclusion

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