Prostate-specific Antigen Density Toward a Better Cutoff to Identify Better Candidates for Active Surveillance - 26/07/14

Doi : 10.1016/j.urology.2014.02.038

Yun-Sok Ha ^a,^b, Jihyeong Yu ^a,^c, Amirali Hassanzadeh Salmasi ^a, Neal Patel ^a, Jaspreet Parihar ^a, Eric A. Singer ^a, Jeong Hyun Kim ^a,^d, Tae Gyun Kwon ^b, Wun-Jae Kim ^e, Isaac Yi Kim ^a,^⁎
^a Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
^b Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
^c Department of Urology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
^d Department of Urology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
^e Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea

^∗Reprint requests: Isaac Yi Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Section of Urologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903.

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the impact of prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) on existing prostate cancer (PCa) active surveillance (AS) protocols.

Methods

Prospectively maintained database on men with PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy was reviewed retrospectively. Demographic data and pathologic characteristics of patients who fulfilled the AS inclusion criteria under the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS), and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) guidelines were examined.

Results

Of 930 patients, 231, 280, and 325 fulfilled the NCCN, PRIAS, and UCSF AS criteria, respectively. The frequencies of advanced disease on surgical pathology (upstaging and/or upgrading) were 31.6% (NCCN), 35.4% (PRIAS), and 34.2% (UCSF) of the study cohorts. PSAD was significantly higher in patients with advanced disease compared with that in patients with nonadvanced disease in all 3 AS schemas. Modifying the PRIAS and UCSF criteria using the NCCN's lower PSAD cutoff of 0.15 ng/mL² decreased the rates of the advanced disease significantly to 33.5% and 31.4%, respectively. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal PSAD cutoff level for the prediction of advanced disease was 0.085 ng/mL² (sensitivity/specificity of 76.7%/50.6% in NCCN and 75.6%/49.7% in PRIAS).

Conclusion

Among patients with low-risk PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy, PSAD is a predictor of advanced disease at the time of surgery. Adopting a lower PSAD threshold of 0.085 ng/mL² decreased the risk of the advanced disease to 17.5%-21.7%. Therefore, PSAD should be part of all AS guidelines.

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Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests.

Funding Support: This work is supported by a grant from the National Cancer Institute (P30CA072720). This work is also supported in part by generous grants from the Tanzman Foundation and by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education Science and Technology (2008-0062611) and supported by a grant from the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program (No. PJ009621), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.