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Performance of Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Compared with Young Academic Urologists in Reconstructive Urology - 26/06/26

Performance des plateformes d’intelligence artificielle versus les experts du groupe de l’EAU en urologie reconstructrice

Doi : 10.1016/j.fjurol.2026.103150 
Agate Escoffier a, , Oussama Hedhli b, Felix Campos-Juanatey c, Jan Adamowicz d, Łukasz Białek e, Andrea Cocci f, Mikołaj Frankiewicz g, Guglielmo Mantica h, Maciej Oszczudłowski i, Elaine J. Redmond j, Clemens M. Rosenbaum k, Wesley Verla l, Marjan Waterloos m, Francesco Chierigo n, Malte W. Vetterlein o, Paul Neuville p, François-Xavier Madec q

On behalf of the Trauma Reconstructive Urology Working Party of the European Association of Urology Young Academic Urologists

a Urology Department, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Université Bourgogne Europe, Dijon, France 
b Urology Department, Departmental Hospital Center La Roche-sur-Yon, France 
c Andrology and Reconstructive Urology Unit, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, Cantabria University, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain 
d Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 
e Department of Urology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland 
f Department of Urology and Andrology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy 
g Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland 
h Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Integrated Sciences (DISC), University of Genova, Genova, Italy 
i Department of Urology, Centre for Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland 
j Department of Urology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland 
k Clemens M. ROSENBAUM, Department of Urology, Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany 
l Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium 
m Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Urology, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent, Belgium 
n Department of Urology, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy 
o Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany 
p paul Neuville Urology Department, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France 
q François-Xavier MADEC, a) Urology Department, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France. b) UMR 1179, Inserme Faculty of Medicine Versaille Saint Quentin University, Paris Saclay, 78180 Montigny le Bretonneux, France 

Corresponding author.
In corso di stampa. Manoscritto Accettato. Disponibile online dal Friday 26 June 2026

Abstract

Introduction

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used in surgery, but its role in reconstructive urology remains insufficiently studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the theoretical knowledge of several AI platforms and compare their performance with that of experts from the Young Academic Urologists (YAU) group of the European Association of Urology.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional comparative study included 11 YAU experts and 4 AI platforms. Thirty-one multiple-choice questions from Chapter 82 of the Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology Review, 3rd edition (2020), were used. Total scores and thematic scores were compared.

Results

The mean score of YAU experts was 14 of 31 (SD 5.28). AI platforms achieved a mean score of 15 of 31 (SD 5.53), with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.802). ChatGPT-4 achieved 24 correct answers and was surpassed by only one human expert. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences between YAU experts and AI platforms for anatomy (p = 0.272), physiology (p = 0.923), therapeutic management (p = 0.51) and diagnosis (p = 0.611).

Conclusion

AI platforms, particularly ChatGPT-4, achieved high scores on MCQs in reconstructive urology, and no statistically significant difference was observed compared with YAU experts. These findings support a potential role for AI in educational settings and for answering well-defined theoretical questions, but their use alone is not suitable for clinical reasoning. Further validation on real clinical cases is required before considering clinical implementation.

Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.

Résumé

Introduction

L’intelligence artificielle (IA) est de plus en plus utilisée en chirurgie, mais son rôle en urologie reconstructrice reste peu étudié. L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer les connaissances théoriques de plusieurs plateformes d’IA et de les comparer à celles d’experts du groupe Young Academic Urologists (YAU) de l’European Association of Urology (EAU).

Matériels et méthodes

Cette étude comparative transversale a inclus 11 experts du groupe YAU et 4 plateformes d’IA. Trente et une questions à choix multiples issues du chapitre 82 du Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology Review, 3e édition (2020), ont été utilisées. Les scores globaux et les scores par thèmes ont été comparés.

Résultats

Le score moyen des experts du groupe YAU était de 14 sur 31 (SD 5,28). Les plateformes d’IA obtenaient un score moyen de 15 sur 31 (SD 5,53), sans différence significative entre les deux groupes (p = 0,802). ChatGPT-4 obtenait 24 bonnes réponses et n’était surpassé que par un seul expert humain. Les analyses par thèmes ne montraient pas de différence significative entre les experts YAU et les plateformes d’IA pour l’anatomie (p = 0,272), la physiologie (p = 0,923), la prise en charge thérapeutique (p = 0,51) et le diagnostic (p = 0,611).

Conclusion

Les plateformes d’IA, en particulier ChatGPT-4, obtenaient des scores élevés pour des QCM en urologie reconstructrice, sans différence statistiquement significative avec les experts YAU. Ces résultats soutiennent un rôle potentiel de l’IA dans l’apprentissage et la réponse à des questions théoriques bien définies, mais son utilisation seule n’est pas adaptée au raisonnement clinique. Des validations supplémentaires sur des cas réels restent nécessaires avant toute utilisation clinique.

Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.

Keywords : Urology, Artificial Intelligence, Reconstructive Surgical Procedures, Clinical Competence

Mots clés : Urologie, Intelligence artificielle, Urologie reconstructrice, Procédures chirurgicales reconstructrices, Compétence clinique



© 2026  Pubblicato da Elsevier Masson SAS.
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