Self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) is a common public health concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SMA in the general public and health professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify the associated factors.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 28, 2022, to November 6, 2022. Logistics regression analysis was used to examine the associated factors.

The rate of SMA was 10.25% in the general public and 12.69% in health professionals. For the public, those who perceived themselves as average or good health, had moderate antibiotic knowledge, and had easy access to nearby health facilities were less likely to SMA; while those who live in rural areas, found it easy to purchase antibiotics without prescriptions, and those who frequently encountered antibiotics recommended by pharmacy staff were more likely to SMA. For health professionals, those who were female, perceived themselves as good health, had moderate or high antibiotic knowledge, and had easy access to health facilities were less likely to SMA; while those who found it easy to purchase antibiotics without prescriptions were more likely to SMA.

SMA is prevalent in both the general public and health professionals. Promoting the rational use of antibiotics requires joint participation and effort.