The aim of this study was to evaluate the systemic sequelae, as well as the dental and craniofacial development, of patients with rhabdomyosarcoma in relation to the treatment received and clinical-pathological variables.

A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. All individuals diagnosed with RMS between 1990 and 2022 were considered eligible. Cases who survived the primary tumor were included. Data were collected from medical records, and patients were called for clinical and radiographic examinations.

Thirty-eight patients were assessed, with a mean disease-free survival of 216.68 months (±84.99). The primary location of the tumor was mainly the head and neck region (57.9 %). All patients received chemotherapy, and 30 (78.9 %) also underwent radiotherapy. The most frequently observed sequela was sensory impairment, which was significantly associated with tumors in the head and neck (p < 0.05), as well as with the use of radiotherapy (p = 0.034). Root formation failure was observed in 60 % of cases, microdontia in 50 %, and delayed tooth eruption in 40 %. A convex profile was predominant (80 %), along with maxillary (50 %) and mandibular (80 %) retrusion and a skeletal class II diagnosis (60 %).

Late systemic, dental, and craniofacial developmental sequelae are observed in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma survivors, especially in patients who underwent radiotherapy in the head and neck region. Younger individuals at the time of treatment are at greater risk of late sequelae.