While angioembolization is occasionally required for craniofacial fracture patients who experience massive maxillofacial hemorrhage, complications such as headache, temporal-facial pain, soft tissue necrosis, and embolic material migration leading to stroke or blindness can arise. Few studies have explored delayed or progressive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) following angioembolization for craniofacial fractures.

A retrospective review of craniofacial fracture patients from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022 at our institution was conducted. We applied univariate and multivariable logistic regression (MLR) analyses to assess whether angioembolization served as an independent factor for delayed or progressive ICH. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the groups of patients who underwent angioembolization with those who did not. Outcome measurements included delayed or progressive ICH occurring within 72 hours, the need for additional neurosurgical interventions, and the length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital.

Of the 2,519 craniofacial fracture patients studied over an 8-year period, 21 (0.8%) underwent angioembolization for maxillofacial hemorrhage. MLR analysis revealed that angioembolization was an independent factor for delayed or progressive ICH (odds ratio=5.71, p = 0.028). After 1:2 PSM, patients who underwent angioembolization had greater rates of delayed or progressive ICH (28.6% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.023), an extended hospital LOS (17.0 vs. 15.0 days, p = 0.009) and a longer ICU LOS (10.0 vs. 4.0 days, p = 0.004).

A greater probability of delayed or progressive ICH was observed in craniofacial fracture patients who underwent angioembolization for maxillofacial hemostasis.