Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease that is tightly associated with human leukocytes antigen DQ2 and DQ8, such that the absence of DQ2 and/or DQ8 will definitively rule out a diagnosis of CeD. DQ2 and DQ8 drive which gliadin peptides will be immunogenic, and the risk for developing CeD is dependent upon the suballeles of DQ2 and DQ8. The key immune cells in the pathogenesis of CeD are T cells, antigen presenting cells (APCs), B cells (APCs as well), and epithelial cells. The roles of γδ T cells, mast cells, and eosinophils have been the focus of recent publications.