Hyaline articular cartilage has a unique and essential role in the normal function of the synovial joint. It is able to carry out this function because of its constituents, unique structure and properties. However it is these very properties that make it susceptible to injury given it has no nerve supply and an inherently poor repair potential. In this review we will discuss the biochemical components, structure and function of hyaline cartilage. We address the types of injury, degeneration and methods of healing that take place within articular cartilage. Finally we will review the spectrum of management options available in treating such injuries; from simple non-operative methods, the latest advanced surgical techniques and developing areas that may be of use in future clinical practice.