Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a rare, but serious, risk of assisted reproductive technologies. In severe cases, patients may present to the emergency department (ED) for assessment, treatment of related complications, and even in-patient admission. Significant effort has been made to reduce the incidence and complications of OHSS; however, it is unknown if these strategies have decreased patient presentation for treatment in the ED.

To assess ED utilization for OHSS over time and to examine admission rates, patient demographics, and charges.

Retrospective longitudinal study utilizing data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample Database and the National ART Surveillance System. All ED visits between 2006 and 2016 with an ICD-9 or −10 diagnosis of OHSS were included. Demographics including age, geographic location, and income quartile and alternative diagnoses, admission rates, overall charges, and number of stimulation cycles annually were assessed.

The number of ovarian stimulation cycles steadily increased from 2006 (n = 110,183) to 2016 (n = 157,721), while the number of OHSS-related ED visits remained relatively stable (APC 2.08, p = 0.14). Admission rates for OHSS decreased from 52.7% in 2006 to 33.1% in 2016 (APC −4.43%, p < 0.01). The average charge for OHSS-related ED visits almost doubled from 2006 to 2016 (APC 8.53, p < 0.01) and was significantly higher than charges for non-OHSS-related visits for age-matched controls (p < 0.01).

Despite an increase in total stimulation cycles, there was no significant change in the estimated number of patients presenting to the ED; however, admission rates significantly declined. These observations suggest a possible shift in the severity and/or management of OHSS during the study period.