Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in People with Long COVID, ME/CFS, and Controls - 18/03/25
, Marie Mclaughlin, PhD b, c, Ethan C.J. Berry, BSc, (Hons) b, Nicholas F. Sculthorpe, PhD b
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Abstract |
Background |
Prevalences of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) have not previously been compared between individuals with long coronavirus disease (COVID) and individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and healthy age-matched controls. For these reasons, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of PTSD and CPTSD in individuals with long COVID (n = 21) and ME/CFS (n = 20) and age-matched controls (n = 20).
Methods |
A case-case-control approach was employed; participants completed the International Trauma Questionnaire, a self-report measure of the International Classification of Diseases of PTSD and CPTSD consisting of 18 items. Scores were calculated for each PTSD and Disturbances in Self-Organization (DSO) symptom cluster and summed to produce PTSD and DSO scores. PTSD was diagnosed if the criteria for PTSD were met but not DSO, and CPTSD was diagnosed if the criteria for PTSD and DSO were met. Moreover, each cluster of PTSD and DSO were compared among individuals with long COVID, ME/CFS, and healthy controls.
Results |
Individuals with long COVID (PTSD = 5%, CPTSD = 33%) had more prevalence of PTSD and CPTSD than individuals with ME/CFS (PTSD = 0%, CPTSD = 20%) and healthy controls (PTSD = 0%, CPTSD = 0%). PTSD and CPTSD prevalence was greater in individuals with long COVID and ME/CFS than controls. Individuals with long COVID had greater values controls for all PTSD values. Moreover, individuals with long COVID had greater values than controls for all DSO values. Individuals with ME/CFS had greater values than controls for all DSO values. Both long COVID and ME/CFS groups differed in overall symptom scores compared with controls.
Conclusion |
Findings of this study demonstrated that individuals with long COVID generally had more cases of PTSD and CPTSD than individuals with ME/CFS and healthy controls.
Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.Keywords : Chronic fatigue syndrome, Complex post-traumatic stress disorder, Long COVID, Myalgic encephalomyelitis, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Trauma
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| Funding: This work was supported by grants from The Chief Scientist Office for Scotland (COV/LTE/20/08) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (COV-LT2-0010). |
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| Conflicts of Interest: All co-authors have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. |
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| Authorship: Conceptualization: NEMS-H, LDH, ECB, MM, and NFS; Methodology: NEMS-H, LDH, MM, and NFS; Software: NEMS-H, LDH, ECB, MM, and NFS; Validation: NEMS-H, LDH, ECB, MM, and NFS; Formal analysis: NEMS-H; Investigation: NEMS-H, LDH, MM, ECB, and NFS; Resources: LDH, and NFS; Data curation: NEMS-H, LDH, ECB, and MM; Writing—original draft preparation: NEMS-H; Writing—review and editing: NEMS-H, LDH, MM, ECB, and NFS; Visualization: NEMS-H, and LDH; Supervision: NFS; Project administration: NEMS-H, LDH, MM, ECB, and NFS; Funding acquisition: LDH and NFS. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. |
Vol 138 - N° 4
P. 742-749 - aprile 2025 Ritorno al numero
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