Examining Well-Being and Cognitive Function in People With Long COVID and ME/CFS, and Age-Matched Healthy Controls: A Case-Case-Control Study - 18/05/25
, Marie Mclaughlin, PhD b, c, Lawrence D. Hayes, PhD b, d, Ethan C.J. Berry, BSc (Hons) b, Nicholas F. Sculthorpe, PhD b
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Abstract |
Background |
Well-being and cognitive function had not previously been compared between people with long COVID and people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Therefore, this study examined well-being and cognitive function in people with long COVID (∼16 months illness duration; n = 17) and ME/CFS (∼16 years illness duration; n = 24), versus age-matched healthy controls (n = 16).
Methods |
Well-being was examined using several questionnaires, namely the Health Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), post-exertional malaise (PEM), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), European Quality of Life-5 Domains (EQ-5D), MRC Dyspnoea, Self-Efficacy (SELTC), The Edinburgh Neurosymptoms Questionnaire (ENS), General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9). Cognitive function was examined using Single Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Stroop test and Trails A and B. These were delivered via a mobile application (app) built specifically for this remote data collection.
Results |
The main findings of the present investigation were that people with ME/CFS and people with long COVID were generally comparable on all well-being and cognitive function measures, but self-reported worse values for pain, fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep quality, general well-being in relation to mobility, usual activities, self-care, breathlessness, neurological symptoms, self-efficacy and other well-being such as anxiety and depression, compared to controls. There was no effect of group for cognitive function measures.
Conclusions |
These data suggest that both people with long COVID and people with ME/CFS have similar impairment on well-being measures examined herein. Therefore, interventions that target well-being of people with ME/CFS and long COVID are required.
Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.Keywords : Chronic fatigue syndrome, Cognitive function, Long COVID, Myalgic encephalomyelitis, Post-exertional malaise, Well-being
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| Funding: This work was supported by grants from The Chief Scientist Office for Scotland ( COV/LTE/20/08 ) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research ( COV-LT2-0010 ). |
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| Conflict of Interest: The submitted work was not carried out in the presence of any personal, professional, or financial relationships that could potentially be construed as a conflict of interest. |
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| Authorship: All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. N.E.M.S-H., M.M., L.D.H, E.C.B., and N.F.S.: Conceptualisation, N.E.M.S-H., M.M.,L.D.H, and N.F.S.: methodology, L.D.H, E.C.B., N.E.M.S-H., M.M., and N.F.S.: software, L.D.H, E.C.B., N.E.M.S-H., M.M., and N.F.S.: and N.F.S.B.: validation, M.M.: formal analysis, N.E.M.S-H., L.D.H, M.M., E.C.B., and N.F.S.: investigation, L.D.H, and N.F.S.: resources, N.E.M.S-H.,M.M., L.D.H, and E.C.B.: data curation, N.E.M.S-H.: writing—original draft preparation, N.E.M.S-H.,L.D.H., M.M., E.C.B., and N.F.S.: writing—review and editing, M.M.: visualisation, N.F.S: supervision, N.E.M.S-H., L.D.H, M.M., E.C.B., and N.F.S.: project administration, L.D.H, and N.F.S.: funding acquisition. |
Vol 138 - N° 6
P. 1029-1037 - giugno 2025 Ritorno al numero
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