Chronic essential hypertension is a major and the most common risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease.31 Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: Sixth report of the joint national committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413–2446
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 42 MacMahon S., Peto R., Cutler J. , e al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias Lancet 1990 ; 335 : 765-774 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 49 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group National high blood pressure education program working group on prevention of hypertension Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 186-208
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 61 Stamler J., Stamler R., Neaton J.D. Blood pressure, systolic and diastolic, and cardiovascular risks Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 598-615
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti This relationship is direct, strong, continuous, graded, consistent, predictive and independent. The risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increases curvilinearly, as blood pressure rises with no evidence of a threshold.49 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group National high blood pressure education program working group on prevention of hypertension Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 186-208
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti In patients with blood pressure ≥180/110 mm Hg, the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) is about five times higher than those with blood pressure ≤120/80 mm Hg.49 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group National high blood pressure education program working group on prevention of hypertension Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 186-208
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti Approximately 50 million Americans have hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg.32 Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Fifth report of the joint national committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 154-183
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti
The Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) has shown that lifestyle modifications including weight loss and increased physical activity contribute significantly to blood pressure control.19 Grimm R.H., Grandits G.A., Culter J.A. , e al. Relationships of quality-of-life measures to long-term lifestyle and drug treatment in the treatment of mild hypertension study Arch Intern Med 1997 ; 157 : 638-664
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti These observations are supported by well-controlled exercise intervention studies. An overwhelming number of such studies has consistently shown that regularly performed aerobic exercise of mild-to-moderate intensity lowers blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.1 Akinpelu A.O. Responses of the African hypertensive to exercise training: Preliminary observations Journal of Human Hypertension 1990 ; 4 : 74-76
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 4 Baglivo H.O., Fabregues G., Burrieza H. , e al. Effect of moderate physical training on left ventricular mass in mild hypertensive persons Hypertension 1990 ; 15 (suppl I) : I153-I156
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 9 Cononie C.C., Graves J.E., Pollock M.L. , e al. Effect of exercise training on blood pressure in 70- to 79-yr-old men and women Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 ; 23 : 505-511
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 10 Dengel D.R., Galecki A.T., Hagberg J.M. , e al. The independent and combined effects of weight loss and aerobic exercise on blood pressure and oral glucose tolerance in older men Am J Hypertens 1998 ; 11 : 1405-1412 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 11 Dengel D.R., Hagberg J.M., Pratley R.E. , e al. Improvements in blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and lipoprotein lipids after aerobic exercise plus weight loss in obese, hypertensive middle-aged men Metabolism September 1998 ; 47 : 1075-1082 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 18 Gordon N.F., Scott C.B., Levine B.D. Comparison of single versus multiple lifestyle interventions: Are the antihyeprtensive effects of exercise training and diet-induced weight loss additive? Am J Cardiol 1997 ; 79 : 763-767
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 27 Higashi Y., Sasaki S., Sasaki N. , e al. Daily aerobic exercise improves reactive hyperemia in patients with essential hypertension Hypertension 1999 ; 33 (part II) : 591-597
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 30 Ishikawa K., Ohta T., Zhang J. , e al. Influence of age and gender on exercise training-induced blood pressure reduction in systemic hypertension Am J Cardiol 1999 ; 84 : 192-196 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 33 Keleman M.H., Effron M.B., Valenti S.A. , e al. Exercise training combined with antihypertensive drug therapy JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 2766-2771
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 35 Koga M., Ideishi M., Matsusaki M. , e al. Mild exercise decreases plasma endogenous digitalis like substance in hypertensive individuals Hypertension 1992 ; 19 : 5231-5236
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 38 Kokkinos P.F., Narayan P., Colleran J. , e al. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension N Eng J Med 1995 ; 333 : 1462-1467 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 43 Martin J.E., Dubbert P.M., Cushman W.C. Controled trial of aerobic exercise in hypertension Circulation 1990 ; 81 : 1560-1567 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 44 Matsusaki M., Ikeda M., Tashiro E. , e al. Influence of workload on the antihypertensive effect of exercise Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 1992 ; 19 : 471-479 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 47 Motoyama M., Sunami Y., Kinoshita F. , e al. Blood pressure lowering effect of low intensity aerobic training in elderly hypertensive patients Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998 ; 30 : 818-823 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 54 Rogers M.W., Probst M.M., Gruber J.J. , e al. Differential effects of exercise training intensity on blood pressure and cardiovascular responses to stress in borderline hypertensive humans Journal of Hypertension 1996 ; 14 : 1399-1375
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 55 Seals D.R., Silverman H.G., Reiling M.J. , e al. Effect of regular aerobic exercise on elevated blood pressure in postmenopausal women Am J Cardiol 1997 ; 80 : 49-55 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 56 Seals D.R., Reiling M.J. Effect of regular exercise on 24-hour arterial pressure in older hypertensive humans Hypertension 1991 ; 18 : 583-592
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 58 Somers V.K., Conway J., Johnston J. , e al. Effects of endurance training on baroreflex sensitivity and blood pressure in borderline hypertenion Lancet 1991 ; 337 : 1363-1368
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 59 Tanaka H., Bassett D.R., Howley E.T. , e al. Swimming training lowers the resting blood pressure in individuals with hypertension J Hypertens 1997 ; 15 : 651-657 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 63 Zanettini R., Bettega D., Agostoni O. , e al. Exercise training in mild hypertension: Effects on blood pressure, left ventricular mass and coagulation Factor VII and fibrinogen Cardiology 1997 ; 88 : 468-473 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti Consequently, authorities now agree that a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk for hypertension, whereas increased occupational or leisure-time physical activity is associated with lower levels of blood pressure.49 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group National high blood pressure education program working group on prevention of hypertension Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 186-208
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 62 World Hypertension League Physical exercise in the management of hypertension: A consensus statement by the world hypertension league J Hypertens 1991 ; 9 : 283-287
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti Increased physical activity is now strongly recommended as part of the lifestyle modification along or as adjunct to pharmacologic therapy proposed by the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI).49 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group National high blood pressure education program working group on prevention of hypertension Arch Intern Med 1993 ; 153 : 186-208
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti
Exaggerated blood pressure response during exercise has been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.13 Filipovsky J., Ducimetiere P., Safar M.E. Prognostic significance of exercise blood pressure and heart rate in middle-aged men Hypertension 1992 ; 20 : 333-339
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 48 Mundal R., Kjeldsen S.E., Sandvik L. , e al. Exercise blood pressure predicts mortality from myocardial infarction Hypertension 1996 ; 27 : 324-329
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti Recent evidence supports that aerobic exercise training can attenuate the exercise blood pressure response.36 Kokkinos P.F., Narayan P., Fletcher R.D. , e al. Effects of aerobic training on exaggerated blood pressure response to exercise in African-Americans with severe systemic hypertension treated with indapamide + verapamil + enalapril Am J Cardiol 1997 ; 79 : 1424-1426 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 55 Seals D.R., Silverman H.G., Reiling M.J. , e al. Effect of regular aerobic exercise on elevated blood pressure in postmenopausal women Am J Cardiol 1997 ; 80 : 49-55 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti
Most exercise intervention studies have assessed the efficacy of aerobic exercise to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Relatively few studies have assessed the effects of resistance training on blood pressure control. This review assesses the current literature on the efficacy of aerobic and anaerobic exercises to lower resting and exercise blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension.
Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.
© 2001
W. B. Saunders Company. Pubblicato da Elsevier Masson SAS. Tutti i diritti riservati.
Articolo precedente
