Wintrobe and Buell228 Wintrobe M.M., Buell M.V. Hyperproteinemia associated with multiple myeloma Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 1933 ; 52 : 156
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti first described reversible cryoprecipitability of serum in a patient with multiple myeloma in 1933. Lerner systematically studied cold-induced precipitation of these immunoglobulins, and in 1947 Lerner and Watson128 Lerner A.B., Watson C.J. Studies of cryoglobulins. Unusual purpura associated with the presence of a high concentration of cryoglobulin (cold precipitable serum globulin) Am J Med Sci 1947 ; 2 : 410 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti first employed the term cryoglobulins. In the 1960s, the clinical studies of Meltzer and others146 Meltzer M., Franklin E.C. Cryoglobulinemia–a study of twenty-nine patients. I. IgG and IgM cryoglobulins and factors affecting cryoprecipitability Am J Med 1966 ; 40 : 828 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 147 Meltzer M., Franklin E.C., Elias K. , e al. Cryoglobulinemia–a clinical and laboratory study. II. Cryoglobulins with rheumatoid factor activity Am J Med 1966 ; 40 : 837 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti delineated a distinct syndrome of purpura, arthralgias, asthenia, and renal disease–often in the context of immune complex deposition or vasculitis. By 1974, Brouet et al17 Brouet J.C., Clauvel J.P., Danon F. , e al. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases Am J Med 1974 ; 57 : 775 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti popularized a system which classified cryoglobulinemia by the components of the cryoprecipitate: type I, isolated monoclonal immunoglobulins; type II, a monoclonal component, usually immunoglobulin M (IgM), possessing activity toward polyclonal immunoglobulins, usually immunoglobulin G (IgG); and type III, polyclonal immunoglobulins of more than one isotype. This classification provided a framework for clinical correlations.
Associated conditions, such as lymphoproliferative disorders, connective tissue disorders, infection, liver disease and others listed in the box on the following page, were observed in some92 Gorevic P.D., Kassab H.J., Levo Y. , e al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients Am J Med 1980 ; 69 : 287 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 105 Hurwitz D., Quismorio F.P., Friou G.J. Cryoglobulinaemia in patients with infectious endocarditis Clin Exp Immunol 1975 ; 19 : 131
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 199 Seligmann M., Danon F., Basch A. , e al. IgG myeloma cryoglobulin with antistreptolysin activity Nature 1968 ; 220 : 711
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 218 Turkington R.W., Buckley C.E. Macrocryoglobulinemia and sarcoidosis Am J Med 1966 ; 40 : 156
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 225 Weisman M., Zvaifler N. Cryoglobulins in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology (Basel) 1975 ; 6 : 60
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti but not all patients.
In several large series, 34% to 71% of cases of cryoglobulinemia were not associated with other disease states; these were termed essential or primary cryoglobulinemia (Table 1).17 Brouet J.C., Clauvel J.P., Danon F. , e al. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases Am J Med 1974 ; 57 : 775 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 92 Gorevic P.D., Kassab H.J., Levo Y. , e al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients Am J Med 1980 ; 69 : 287 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 158 Monti G., Galli M., Invernizzi F. , e al. Italian Group for the Study of Cryoglobulinemias Cryoglobulinaemias: A multi-centre study of the early clinical and laboratory manifestations of primary and secondary disease Q J Med 1995 ; 88 : 115
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti Following its identification in the late 1980s, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was recognized to be a potential causative factor for essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC).66 Ferri C., Greco F., Longombardo G. , e al. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia Arthritis Rheum 1991 ; 34 : 1606
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 174 Pascual M., Perrin L., Giostra E. , e al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II J Infect Dis 1990 ; 162 : 569 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti This association has been confirmed by a number of groups since its original description in 1990. The mechanism of HCV involvement in mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) and its potential role in the development of other autoimmune diseases and non-Hodgkin's
Cryoglobulinemia: Clinical and Experimental Associations90 Gorevic P.D. Cryopathies: Cryoglobulins and cryofibrinogenemia Samter's Immunologic Diseases, ed 5, vol 2 Boston, Little: Brown and Company (1995).
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• | Infections • | Viral • | Epstein-Barr virus | • | Cytomegalovirus | • | Hepatitis B virus | • | Hepatitis A virus | • | Adenovirus | • | Hepatitis C virus 65 Ferri C., Greco F., Longombardo G. , e al. Antibodies against hepatitis C virus in mixed cryoglobulinemia patients Infection 1991 ; 19 : 417 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 174 Pascual M., Perrin L., Giostra E. , e al. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II J Infect Dis 1990 ; 162 : 569 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti | • | HIV 7 Antinori S., Galimberti L., Rusconi S. , e al. Disappearance of cryoglobulins and remission of symptoms in a patient with HCV-associated type II mixed cryoglobulinemia after HIV-1 infection Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995 ; 13 (suppl 13) : S157
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 54 Dimitrakopoulos A.N., Kordossis T., Hatzakis A. , e al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia in HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Ann Intern Med 1999 ; 130 : 226
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 161 Morales E., Alegre R., Herrero J.C. , e al. Hepatitis-C-virus-associated cryoglobulinaemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in patients infected by HIV Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997 ; 12 : 1980
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti | | • | Bacterial • | Subacute bacterial endocarditis (with or without nephritis) | • | Lepromatous leprosy (with or without erythema nodosum) | • | Acute poststreptococcal nephritis | • | Syphilis | • | Lyme disease (with or without erythema chronicum migrans) | • | Postintestinal bypass with arthritis | • | Q fever 216 Torley H., Capell H., Timbury M. , e al. Chronic Q fever with mixed cryoglobulinaemia Ann Rheum Dis 1989 ; 48 : 254
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti | | • | | • | Parasitic • | Kala-azar | • | Toxoplasmosis | • | Tropical splenomegaly syndrome | • | Echinococcosis | • | Malaria | • | Schistosomiasis | • | Trypanosomiasis | | |
• | Autoimmune diseases • | Systemic lupus erythematosus | • | Nephritis, hypocomplementemia | • | Drug-induced lupus (procainamide) | • | Rheumatoid arthritis | • | Polyarteritis nodosa (HBsAg positive and negative) | • | Kawasaki syndrome (with or without macroglobulinemia) | • | Sjögren's syndrome | • | Scleroderma | • | Sarcoidosis | • | Thyroiditis | • | Henoch-Schönlein purpura | • | Behçet's syndrome | • | Polymyositis | • | Inflammatory bowel disease • | Celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis | | • | Endomyocardial fibrosis | • | Pulmonary fibrosis | • | Cutaneous vasculitis | • | Pemphigus vulgaris | • | Erythema elevatum diutinum | • | Cold-induced urticaria | • | Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita | • | Erythema multiforme | • | POEMS syndrome | • | Pyoderma gangrenosum | |
• | Lymphoproliferative disorders • | Macroglobulinemia (primary and secondary) 17 Brouet J.C., Clauvel J.P., Danon F. , e al. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases Am J Med 1974 ; 57 : 775 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 92 Gorevic P.D., Kassab H.J., Levo Y. , e al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients Am J Med 1980 ; 69 : 287 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 107 Invernizzi F., Galli M., Serino G. , e al. Secondary and essential cryoglobulinemias. Frequency, nosological classification, and long-term follow-up Acta Haematol 1983 ; 70 : 73 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 173 Osserman E. Plasma-cell myeloma. II. Clinical aspects N Engl J Med 1959 ; 261 : 952
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti | • | Lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's) 17 Brouet J.C., Clauvel J.P., Danon F. , e al. Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. A report of 86 cases Am J Med 1974 ; 57 : 775 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 92 Gorevic P.D., Kassab H.J., Levo Y. , e al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: Clinical aspects and long-term follow-up of 40 patients Am J Med 1980 ; 69 : 287 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 107 Invernizzi F., Galli M., Serino G. , e al. Secondary and essential cryoglobulinemias. Frequency, nosological classification, and long-term follow-up Acta Haematol 1983 ; 70 : 73 [cross-ref]
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 173 Osserman E. Plasma-cell myeloma. II. Clinical aspects N Engl J Med 1959 ; 261 : 952
Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti | • | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | • | Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy | • | Hairy cell leukemia | |
• | Renal diseases • | Proliferative glomerulonephritis | |
• | Liver diseases • | Cirrhosis (Laënnec's, postnecrotic) | • | Biliary cirrhosis | • | Chronic hepatitis | |
• | Familial (symptomatic, asymptomatic) |
• | Essential |
• | Experimental • | Pneumococcal vaccines | • | Streptococcal (A and C) hyperimmunization | • | New Zealand black/New Zealand white, MRL/1, BXSB mice | |
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