The value of contrast arthrography of the hip joint is well-documented in this century. Evaluation of the unossified structures of the hip in developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), Legg-Calvé-Perthes (LCP) disease, and complex congenital malformations, such as proximal femoral focal deficiency was a major stimulus to the development of this imaging modality. In these conditions, arthrography demonstrates the femoroacetabular relationships in various positions. This information is not currently provided by static MR imaging, where the hips are studied in a neutral position, nor with CT or sonography.<sup>21 Heublein G.W., Greene G.S., Conforti V.P. Hip joint arthrography AJR Am J Roentgenol 1952 ;  68 : 736

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 26 Kaniklides C., Lonnerholm T., Moberg A. , e al. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease: Comparison of conventional radiography, MR imaging, bone scintigraphy and arthrography Acta Radiol 1995 ;  36 : 434  [cross-ref]

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 27 Katz J.F. Arthrography in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease J Bone Joint Surg Am 1968 ;  50 : 467

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 28 Kenin A., Levine J. A technique for arthrography of the hip AJR Am J Roentgenol 1952 ;  68 : 107

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 41 Ozonoff M. The hip Pediatric Orthopedic Radiology Philadelphia: WB Saunders (1992).  164

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 46 Severin E. Arthrography in congenital dislocation of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Am 1939 ;  21 : 304

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In 1939 Severin,<sup>46 Severin E. Arthrography in congenital dislocation of the hip J Bone Joint Surg Am 1939 ;  21 : 304

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> working at the Orthopaedic Clinic in Stockholm, was one of the first to report in the English-language literature on the usefulness of contrast arthrography in children's hips. He was influenced by earlier investigators who, during the previous decade, reported this new technique in the French- and German-language literature. Fluoroscopic monitoring of pediatric hip arthrography, as it became available, was advocated by Ozonoff<sup>40 Ozonoff M.B. Controlled arthrography of the hip: A technique of fluoroscopic monitoring and recording Clin Orthop 1973 ;  93 : 260

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in 1973. Notwithstanding the successful application of contrast arthrography in children, it was not until 1974 that Razzano et al<sup>43 Razzano C.D., Nelson C.L., Wilde A.H. Arthrography of the adult hip Clin Orthop 1974 ;  99 : 86  [cross-ref]

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> presented a method for adult hip arthrography.

Unexplained hip pain in adults, accompanied by normal radiographs, stimulated further expansion of arthrographic techniques, such as aspiration arthrography and anesthetic arthrography (hip block). Additional imaging, such as CT arthrography, MR imaging arthrography, and radionuclide scintigraphy, soon followed. By the 1970s, adult hip arthrography included preliminary aspiration of the hip joint. Razzano et al<sup>43 Razzano C.D., Nelson C.L., Wilde A.H. Arthrography of the adult hip Clin Orthop 1974 ;  99 : 86  [cross-ref]

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> reported a series of 66 patients with diagnoses such as infection, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, neuropathy, dysplasia, avascular necrosis, and implant loosening.<sup>36 Murphy W.A., Siegel M.J., Gilula L.A. Arthrography in the diagnosis of unexplained chronic hip pain with regional osteopenia AJR Am J Roentgenol 1977 ;  129 : 283

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In 1974, subtraction arthrography, adapted from neurovascular radiology, was implemented for diagnosis of loose cemented joint replacements, allowing improved visualization of opaque contrast in barium-impregnated cement–bone interfaces and in metal–bone interfaces.<sup>45 Salvati E.A., Ghelman B., McLaren T. , e al. Subtraction technique in arthrography for loosening of total hip replacement fixed with radiopaque cement Clin Orthop 1974 ;  101 : 105

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> The efficacy of arthrography in diagnosing synovial chondromatosis, adhesive capsulitis, and transient osteopenia was introduced in 1977. The need to exclude infection by performing aspiration prior to arthrography in adhesive capsulitis and transient osteopenia was emphasized.<sup>36 Murphy W.A., Siegel M.J., Gilula L.A. Arthrography in the diagnosis of unexplained chronic hip pain with regional osteopenia AJR Am J Roentgenol 1977 ;  129 : 283

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> Aspiration prior to total hip revision was studied in a large series by O'Neill and Harris<sup>39 O'Neill D.A., Harris W.H. Failed total hip replacement: Assessment by plain radiographs, arthrograms, and aspiration of the hip joint J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984 ;  66 : 540

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> and Barrack and Harris.<sup>5 Barrack R.L., Harris W.H. The value of aspiration of the hip joint before revision total hip arthroplasty J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993 ;  75 : 66

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The years from 1991 to 1994 saw the concept of the diagnostic usefulness of intra-articular bupivacaine (hip block) in distinguishing radicular pain (either from the spine to the hip or from the hip or spine to the knee) from pain arising within the hip joint or from the joint capsule.<sup>8 Braunstein E.M., Cardinal E., Buckwalter K.A. , e al. Bupivacaine arthrography of the post-arthroplasty hip Skeletal Radiol 1995 ;  24 : 519

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 30 Kleiner J.B., Thorne R.P., Curd J.G. The value of bupivacaine hip injection in the differentiation of coxarthrosis from lower extremity neuropathy J Rheumatol 1991 ;  18 : 422

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> Arthrography for labral pathology, in children as well as adults, is currently evaluated by CT or MR imaging. This article reviews hip arthrography, hip aspiration, hip block, and iliopsoas bursography. MR imaging and CT arthrography are not discussed.