The association of goiter and exophthalmos was first recorded in a legal Byzantine text from the third century in which a “man with bulging eyes and a great walnut round the neck” was described. <sup>75 Marketos S.G., Eftychiadis A., Koutras D.A. The first recognition of the association between goiter and exophthalmos J Endocrinol Invest 1983 ;  6 : 401

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> The recognition of the disease known as exophthalmic goiter is attributed, however, to Parry. <sup>24 Drury M.I. Robert Graves—150 years ago Irish J Med Sci 1985 ;  154 : 470

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 87 Parry C.H.  London: Underwoods (1825).  111

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> In 1786 he observed a female patient with palpitations, cardiac enlargement, thyromegaly, and “eyes that were protruded from their sockets.” His record of six cases was not published until 1825, 3 years after his death. Similar patients with “thyroid enlargement,” “unnatural excitement,” “lids that were incapable of closing,” and “eyeballs that were pushed wide from one another and could not be closed” were reported in 1835 by Graves and in 1840 by Von Basedow. <sup>24 Drury M.I. Robert Graves—150 years ago Irish J Med Sci 1985 ;  154 : 470

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti, 38 Graves R.J. Newly observed affection of the thyroid gland in females Classic Descriptions of Disease: With Biographical Sketches of the Authors Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas (1945).  280

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> In 1909 Osler was the first to hypothesize that the symptoms of Graves' disease were caused by the hypersecretion of certain materials by the thyroid gland. Graves' disease still accounts for most cases of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents. This review also discusses the less common forms of thyrotoxicosis in the pediatric age group. These rare causes of hyperthyroidism are important to recognize so that proper specific management can be instituted.