Historically, intentional urinary diversion was first performed by Simon<sup>23 Simon J. Ectopia vesical (absence of the anterior walls of the bladder and pubic abdominal parietes). Operation for directing the orifices of the ureters into the rectum; temporary success; subsequent death; autopsy Lancet 1982 ;  2 : 568

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in 1852 using a cutaneous ureterostomy following iatrogenic ureteral transection. Vérhoogen<sup>28 Vérhoogen J. Neostomie urétéro-caecale: Formation d'une nouvelle poche vésicale et d'un nouvel urètere Assoc Franc Urol 1908 ;  12 : 362

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in 1908 attempted to use the appendix for a continent urinary stomal diversion but was unsuccessful.

Cutaneous ureterostomy remained the standard for urinary diversion until Coffey<sup>5 Coffey R.C. Transplantation of the ureters into the large intestine in the absence of a functioning urinary bladder Surg Gynecol Obstet 1921 ;  32 : 383

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> and Goodwin et al<sup>10 Goodwin W.E., Harris A.P., Kaufman J.J. , e al. Open, transcolonic ureterointestinal anastomosis: A new approach Surg Gynecol Obstet 1953 ;  97 : 295

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> developed and improved ureterosigmoidostomy, respectively. This operation was in response to the high rate of urethral stomal stenosis observed with cutaneous ureterostomy whenever externalized onto the flank or the abdomen.

The development of the renal stoma conduit by Bricker<sup>2 Bricker E.M. Bladder substitution after pelvic evisceration Surg Clin North Am 1950 ;  30 : 1511

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> and continent diversion by Gilchrist et al<sup>9 Gilchrist R.K., Merricks J.W., Hamlin H.H. , e al. Construction of a substitute bladder and urethra Surg Gynecol Obstet 1950 ;  90 : 752

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in the 1950s revolutionized urinary diversion. These concepts of using an ileal or colonic segment, respectively, changed the management of urinary diversions and permitted the evolution of alternative incontinent and continent urinary diversions. This, in turn, led to catheterizing stomas fashioned from ileum,<sup>26 Sumfest J.M., Burns M.W., Mitchell M.E. The Mitrofanoff principle in urinary reconstruction J Urol 1993 ;  150 : 1875

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> ureter,<sup>1 Ashcraft K.W., Dennis P.A. The reimplanted ureter as a catheterizing stoma J Pediatr Surg 1986 ;  21 : 1042

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> stomach,<sup>11 Gosalbez R., Padron O.F., Singla A.K. , e al. The gastric augment single pedicle tube catheterizable stoma: A useful adjunct to reconstruction of the urinary tract J Urol 1994 ;  152 : 2005

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> fallopian tube,<sup>25 Snyder H.M., Duckett J.W. Mitrofanoff principle in continent reconstruction of the lower urinary tract Operative Urology Philadelphia: WB Saunders (1991).  221

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> and appendix.<sup>19 Mitrofanoff P. Cystostomie continente trans-appendiculaire dans le traitement des vessies neurologiques Chir Pediatr 1980 ;  21 : 297

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup>

We present a review of stomal complications and their management. To accomplish this goal, we review techniques used for planning and creating the stomas for both continent reservoirs and incontinent conduits.