The past 15 years have been witness to an explosion in the number of reconstructive procedures using bowel in the urinary tract. Bladder substitution and bladder preservation procedures have generated the most interest. First reported by von Mikulicz<sup>26 von Mikulicz J. Zur Operation der Angeborenen Blaseupalte Zentralbl Chir 1899 ;  26 : 641

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in 1899 and subsequently by Couvelaire<sup>5 Couvelaire R. La “petite vessie” des tuberculeux génito-urinaires: Essai de classification, place et variantes des cysto-intestino-plasties. J Uro (Paris) 1950 ;  56 : 381

Cliccare qui per andare alla sezione Riferimenti</sup> in 1950, use of bowel segments currently includes complete orthotopic substitution. Surgeons can use nearly any segment of bowel, from the stomach to the sigmoid colon, for reconstructive procedures. Yet, there remains no hard scientific evidence to support the use of one intestinal segment over another. As with many concepts in medicine, one must rely on clinical experience while laboratory models and other advancements develop. This article attempts to address bladder reconstruction by enterocystoplasty. We review the indications for augmentation, types of procedures available, and the early and late complications.